英国保险协会货物战争险--附加费用保险条款

  INSTITUTE ADDITIONAL EXPENSES CLAUSES (CARGO-WAR RISKS) 1/7/85
  This insurance is only to cover additional expenses incurred in consequence of War Risks, and only to the extent and subject to the conditions set forth in the following clauses:-
  1 In the event of interruption or frustration of the voyage or adventure by arrests, restraints, detainment or acts of Kings, Princes and Peoples in prosecution of hostilities or by blockades or other warlike operations, whether there be a declaration of war or not, and whether by a belligerent or otherwise, or by reason of the exercise by the carrier of any liberty granted by any “War Risks” clause in the contract of affreightment, and the goods being discharged at a port other than the port of destination specified in this insurance, or where a country or district is specified in this insurance as the destination of the voyage, being discharged outside the limits of such country or district , the Underwriters shall pay (subject to the limit stated below) their proportion of additional expenses ( including additional marine and war risks premiums and duty, if any) reasonably incurred by the Assured , in consequence of such interruption or frustration and discharge, for landing and /or warehousing charges and/or for transshipment to original destination or for returning the goods to the point of origin of the shipment or for transshipping to a substituted destination.
  2 The additional expenses for returning the good to the point of origin of the shipment or for transshipping to a substituted destination referred to in Clause 1 shall be considered reasonably incurred only if
  2.1 the approval thereto of the underwriters hereon has been first obtained, or
  2.2 the sum for which the goods could have been sold there at the time the decision to transport the good was made, less all necessary charges incurred in transporting the goods, including duty, if any, exceeds the sum which could have been realized by a sale at the place where the voyage or adventure was interrupted or frustrated, less duty, if any, which would have become payable in event of sale there, and is not less than the sum which could have been realized at some other place to which the Assured might reasonably have sent the goods, less all necessary charges which would have been incurred in transporting the goods, including duty, if any.
  3. Subject to the provisions of Clause 2, if the goods are returned to the point of origin of the shipment or transshipped to a substituted destination, and the sum realized or which could be realized there, by the sale of the goods, exceeds the sum insured hereunder, the Underwriter’s liability hereunder for additional expenses in respect of transport and duty shall be limited to the amount by which the said additional expenses incurred exceed the difference between the sum realized or which could be realized by the sale of the goods and the sum insured hereunder.
  4. This insurance does not cover any expenses
   4.1 incurred as a result of physical damage to vessel or cargo,
   4.1.1 which may be recoverable under Marine or War Risks insurances on the goods, or
   4.1.2 which may not be recoverable under such insurances by a reason of insufficiency of the sum insured thereunder,
   4.2 incurred subsequent to and in consequence of prohibition by the Government of the United Kingdom or of any of its Allies whereby the Assured is prevented from removing the goods from the port or place or country of discharge.
  5. Warranted that the goods are covered by insurance against War Risks and against Marine Risks to an extent not less than the cover provided by the Institute Cargo Clauses (C)
  6 .Risk to commence at times of sailing and it is warranted that when the vessel sails the contract of carriage provides for discharge of the goods at the destination named in this insurance.
  7 Where the vessel has the option under the contract of carriage to discharge the goods at any specified port or ports, or any port or ports in a specified range, no liability shall arise hereunder by reason of discharge at any such port or ports.
  8. Underwriters shall not be liable for
   8.1 warehousing charges after a period of six months,
   8.2 any expenses incurred more than twelve months after the goods were discharged unless the goods were in course of being forwarded, returned or transshipped to a substituted destination, before the expiry of the said twelve months.
  9. Unless otherwise agreed the sum insured hereunder shall be that for which the goods are insured against Marine Risks or the C. I .Fvalue whichever be the greater. The sum insured by this insurance shall be the limit of liability hereunder.
  10. Warranted that the goods are not at any time during the voyage, the property of any government or of any person, firm or corporation (including those domiciled in neutral territory) who are alien enemies of the United Kingdom or its Allies.
  11. This insurance excludes loss damage or expense arising from any hostile use of any weapon of war employing atomic or nuclear fission and/or fusion or other like reaction or radio-active force or matter.
  12. This insurance is subject to English law and practice.
  
  本保险仅承保战争险引起的附加费用， 且在以下条件下适用：
  1． 由于扣留、管制、拘押或国王、君主及人民实施战争的行为， 或者封锁或其他类似战争的行为而引起的航行中断或冒险或落空-----无论是否有宣战，也不论是否由交战国宣战；由于租船合同中“战争险”条款下的承运人的行为，使货物在某港卸载，而不是在保险合同中规定的目的港卸载； 或者保险合同中载明了作为目的港的国家或地区，而货物在那些国家或地区之外卸载， 则保险人应当偿付（受如下限制制约）由于此种中断或落空而产生的靠岸费和/或仓储费和/或转运到原目的港的转运费或把货物运回出发地的运费或转运至另一替代目的港的费用等额外费用的合理部分（包括额外的海上险和战争险保险费和关税， 若有的话）。
  2． 把货物运回出发地或转运至第一款中提及的替代目的港而产生的额外费用仅在以下条件下才被认为是合理的：
  2．1 事先获得保险人的同意，或
  2．2 在决定运送货物时，货物本应售出的金额，扣除运输中一切必要费用，包括关税，若有的话，在超过航运中断或落空地点本应可实现的销售金额，扣除因售出而应付的关税（若有的话）；且不少于被保险人可能合理地把货物发送到其他地方时本应可变现的金额，扣除一切运输中的必要费用，包括关税（若有的话）后所剩余额。
  3． 依照第二款，要是货物被运回起运地或被转运至替代目的港，通过销售变现的金额或可变现的金额超过保险金额， 保险人对在运输和关税方面的责任限于以上所说的变现或可变现的金额与保险金额的差额。
  4． 本保险不承保以下费用：
  4.1 由于船舶或货物的物理损害而产生的承保
  4.1.1 货物海上或战争险承保的
  4.1.2 由于保险金额不足，根据本保险不受承保的
  4.2 由于英国或其同盟国政府的禁止而使被保险人不能从卸货港（地、国家）搬移货物
  5． 保证战争保险和海上保险对货物的保险范围不少于协会货物条款（C）中规定的范围
  6． 风险自启运时开始，并保证当船舶开航时，运输合同规定在保险合同中指定的目的港卸货。
  7． 要是根据运输合同船舶有权选择在规定的一个或数个港口卸货，或在规定的港口范围内卸货， 对在任何此种港口卸货，保险人不负保险责任。
  8． 保险人对以下费用不负责任：
  8.1 六个月后的仓储费
  8.2卸货十二个月以后产生的费用， 除非在该十二个月届满之前， 货物在发送，返运或转运至替代港的途中。
  9． 除非有相反协议， 保险金额指货物海上保险价值或C. I. F价值， 以高者为准， 本保险金额是保险责任的限额。
  10．保证货物在航行期间的任何时候，都不属于英国或其同盟国的敌对国的政府、个人、公司（包括住所在中立国的公司）的财产。
  11．本保险排除由于敌对使用原子或核裂变和/或聚变或类似其他反应或放射性力量或物质而产生的任何灭失损害或费用。
  12．本保险受英国法律和惯例制约。
  
   这些条款恢复了（尽管以一种克制的方式）协会（货物）战争条款中的除外条款3.7款, 亦即“落空条款” ， 该条款规定：“本保险不承保航行损失或航行落空而产生的索赔”。 参见291页和292页的评论。
   第1 款规定恢复该保险范围的一般性条款， 尽管其后的几个条款加入了几个很重要的限制条件。 归纳如下：
  1． 必须有航行的中断或落空 （ 第1款）
  —— 由于“扣留、管制、拘押或国王、君主及人民实施战争的行为， 或者封锁或其他类似战争的行为”——这种措辞恢复了1982年的“寂静革命”中取消而不再使用的术语， 尽管第1款具体规定了他们的适用， 不管违背者是否为交战方，或是否有宣战。
  ——再者，航行中断或落空可因运输合同规定的战争条款授予承运人的自由行为而引起（该条款使用“租船合同”（contract of affreightment）, 但这种短语在该条款中并不准确）
  2．货物必须在保险合同规定的港口之外的某个港口卸载， 或者，如果规定了某国或地区为目的地，然后在该国或地区卸载；但是在运输合同允许承运人选择在某一指定区域内卸载之场合， 则在该区域内卸载货物在此保险合同下不能产生索赔。
  3．要是都满足了这些条件，保险人将偿付被保险人合理支出的靠岸和/或仓储费和/或转运至原目的港或（根据合理的检验）转运至替代目的港或返回原出发地的费用。
  
   若被保险人选择把货物返运至起运地， 或试图发送至替代港以获得更好的价格， 则必须事先征得保险人的同意， 或者事后证明与第2款第2项复杂的计算公式相比， 其发运费用的索赔是合理的。这一公式的效果在于：如果：（X）航行中断地本应售出货物的金额，扣除关税（若有的话），或（Y）在某个可供选择的目的地可以变现的金额, 转运费用净额，包括关税（若有的话）；超过（Z）在起运港或替代港（根据索赔而定）本应售出的金额, 以决定发运之时计算， 扣除发运费， 包括关税（若有的话）， 那么索赔金额将（大概）减去其差额， 例如， Z减去X或Y中较大者。
   另一方面，如第3款规定， 要是被保险人把货物返运至起运港或发运至替代港， 他能或本应能够出售变现的金额大于保险金额， 也即赚取“利润”， 那么他索赔的发运费和关税，（若有关税的话）应减去其“利润”。
   然而， 这仅仅是无关紧要的批评。从被保险货物的角度看， 那些附加费用条款的主要缺陷在于这些条款没有规定由于管制，被保险人失去对货物的占有，且在合理时间内不能恢复占有的情况。若非协会战争条款（货物）中的“落空条款”， 如同1906年《海上保险法》第60（2）（I ）项规定， 这些正是产生推定全损的情形。
   第4，5，6，8，9，10和11款包括了各种不言自明的保证和例外， 更加削弱了这所谓的补充保险的吸引力。 
  

郭国汀